what are some of the cultural components that lead to a culture of poverty?

Social theory asserting that value systems perpetuate poverty

The Culture of poverty is a concept in social theory that asserts that the values of people experiencing poverty play a significant role in perpetuating their impoverished status, sustaining a bike of poverty across generations. Information technology attracted policy attention in the 1970s, and received bookish criticism ^[i](Goode & Eames 1996; Bourgois 2001; Small-scale, Harding & Lamont 2010), and made a comeback at the get-go of the 21st century.^[2] It offers one style to explain why poverty exists despite anti-poverty programs. Early formations propose that poor people lack resources and acquire a poverty-perpetuating value arrangement. Critics of the early civilisation of poverty arguments insist that explanations of poverty must analyze how structural factors interact with and condition private characteristics (Goode & Eames 1996; Bourgois 2001; Minor, Harding & Lamont 2010). As put past Small, Harding & Lamont (2010), "since man action is both constrained and enabled by the meaning people give to their deportment, these dynamics should become central to our understanding of the production and reproduction of poverty and social inequality."

Overview [edit]

Early on Formulations [edit]

The term "civilization of poverty" (previously "subculture of poverty") made its first advent in Lewis'south ethnography Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty (1959). Lewis struggled to render "the poor" as legitimate subjects whose lives were transformed by poverty. He argued that although the burdens of poverty were systemic and imposed upon these members of society, they led to the germination of an autonomous subculture as children were socialized into behaviors and attitudes that perpetuated their inability to escape the underclass.

Early on proponents of the theory argued that the poor are not merely defective resources but also acquire a poverty-perpetuating value arrangement. According to anthropologist Oscar Lewis, "The subculture [of the poor] develops mechanisms that tend to perpetuate it, especially because of what happens to the worldview, aspirations, and character of the children who grow up in it". (Lewis 1969, p. 199)

Lewis gave 70 characteristics (1996 [1966], 1998) that indicated the presence of the culture of poverty, which he argued was non shared amidst all of the lower classes. Oscar Lewis's involvement in poverty inspired other cultural anthropologists to study poverty. Their involvement was based on his thought of a culture of poverty. ^[3]

Some later on scholars (Young 2004 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFYoung2004 (help); Newman 1999 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNewman1999 (assistance); Edin & Kefalas 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEdinKefalas2005 (aid); Dohan 2003 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDohan2003 (help); Hayes 2003 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFHayes2003 (help); Carter 2005 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFCarter2005 (help); Waller 2002 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFWaller2002 (help); Duneier 1992 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDuneier1992 (help)) fence that the poor do not have different values.

The people in the culture of poverty have a strong feeling of marginality, of helplessness, of dependency, of not belonging. They are like aliens in their own country, convinced that the existing institutions do not serve their interests and needs. Along with this feeling of powerlessness is a widespread feeling of inferiority, of personal unworthiness. This is true of the slum dwellers of United mexican states Metropolis, who do not found a distinct indigenous or racial group and do not suffer from racial discrimination. In the Usa the culture of poverty of African Americans has the additional disadvantage of racial discrimination.

People with a culture of poverty have very piddling sense of history. They are a marginal people who know only their own troubles, their ain local weather, their own neighborhood, their own way of life. Unremarkably, they take neither the knowledge, the vision nor the credo to encounter the similarities between their problems and those of others like themselves elsewhere in the globe. In other words, they are non class conscious, although they are very sensitive indeed to status distinctions. When the poor become class conscious or members of trade union organizations, or when they adopt an internationalist outlook on the earth they are, in my view, no longer function of the culture of poverty although they may still exist desperately poor.

(Lewis 1998)

Although Lewis was concerned with poverty in the developing globe, the civilization of poverty concept proved attractive to United states public policy makers and politicians. It strongly informed documents such as the Moynihan Written report (1965) as well as the War on Poverty.

The culture of poverty emerges equally a central concept in Michael Harrington'southward discussion of American poverty in The Other America (1962). For Harrington, the civilisation of poverty is a structural concept defined past social institutions of exclusion that create and perpetuate the cycle of poverty in America.

Reactions [edit]

Since the 1960s, critics of culture of poverty explanations for the persistence of the underclasses accept attempted to show that existent world data does not fit Lewis's model (Goode & Eames 1996). In 1974, anthropologist Carol Stack issued a critique of information technology, calling it "fatalistic" and noticed that assertive in the thought of a culture of poverty does non describe the poor so much as it serves the interests of the rich.

She writes, citing Hylan Lewis another critic of Oscar Lewis' Culture of Poverty:

The culture of poverty, as Hylan Lewis points out, has a fundamental political nature. The ideas matter most to political and scientific groups attempting to rationalize why some Americans have failed to make information technology in American society. Information technology is, Lewis (1971) argues, "an idea that people believe, want to believe, and perhaps need to believe." They want to believe that raising the income of the poor would not change their life styles or values, only just funnel greater sums of money into bottomless, self-destructing pits. This fatalistic view has wide acceptance amongst scholars, welfare planners, and voters. At the most prestigious academy, the state's theories alleging racial inferiority have go increasingly prevalent. ^[4]

She demonstrates the way that political interests to go along the wages of the poor depression create a climate in which it is politically user-friendly to buy into the thought of culture of poverty (Stack 1974). In sociology and anthropology, the concept created a backfire, pushing scholars to await to structures rather than "blaming-the-victim" (Bourgois 2001).

Since the tardily 1990s, the civilisation of poverty has witnessed a resurgence in social sciences, but most scholars now reject the notion of a monolithic and unchanging culture of poverty. Newer enquiry typically rejects the idea that whether people are poor can exist explained by their values. It is often reluctant to divide explanations into "structural" and "cultural," because of the increasingly questionable utility of this former distinction.^[5]

Meet likewise [edit]

• Cycle of poverty
• Involuntary unemployment
• Pound Cake speech
• Welfare'due south consequence on poverty
• When Work Disappears

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet; Eames, Edwin; Goode, Judith Granick (1996). "An Anthropological Critique of the Civilisation of Poverty". Urban life.
2. ^ Cohen 2010.
3. ^ Kurtz, Donald Five (2014-08-21). "Culture, poverty, politics: Cultural sociologists, Oscar Lewis, Antonio Gramsci". Critique of Anthropology. 34 (3): 327–345. doi:10.1177/0308275x14530577. ISSN 0308-275X.
4. ^ Stack 1974.
5. ^ Pocket-sized, Harding & Lamont 2010.

References [edit]

• Bourgois, Phillipe (2001). "Civilization of Poverty". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Wave state Press.
• Cohen, Patricia (xviii October 2010). "Scholars Return to 'Culture of Poverty'". The New York Times.
• Duvoux, Nicolas (half-dozen October 2010). "The civilization of poverty reconsidered". Books and Ideas. ISSN 2105-3030.
• Goode, Judith; Eames, Edwin (1996). "An Anthropological Critique of the Culture of Poverty". In G. Gmelch; West. Zenner (eds.). Urban Life. Waveland Press.
• Harrington, Michael (1962). The Other America: Poverty in the United States. Macmillan. ISBN9781451688764.
• Lewis, Oscar (1959). Five families; Mexican case studies in the civilisation of poverty. Bones Books.
• Lewis, Oscar (1969). "Culture of Poverty". In Moynihan, Daniel P. (ed.). On Understanding Poverty: Perspectives from the Social Sciences. New York: Basic Books. pp. 187–220.
• Lewis, Oscar (1996) [1966]. "The Culture of Poverty". In G. Gmelch; W. Zenner (eds.). Urban Life. Waveland Press.
• Lewis, Oscar (1998). "The civilisation of poverty". Society. 35 (2): 7–9. doi:10.1007/BF02838122. PMID 5916451. S2CID 144250495.
• Mayer, Susan E. (1997). What coin tin't buy: Family income and children's life chances. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-58733-5. LCCN 96034429.
• Small-scale, Mario Luis; Harding, David J.; Lamont, Michèle (2010). "Reconsidering Culture and Poverty" (PDF). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 629 (one): 6–27. doi:10.1177/0002716210362077. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 53443130.
• Stack, Carol B. (1974). All Our Kin: Strategies For Survival In A Black Community . Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-013974-two.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty

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